What inspires you?

Niall Ferguson: Part of what inspires me is a desperate desire to understand the world better so that we don’t blow it up. I mean it sounds rather simplistic, but I start from the insight that most versions of the way the world works that are highly schematized of the sort that one encounters in the social and political sciences are wrong. They don’t capture anything like the complexity of the historical process. They’re often actually deeply misleading.

Like the democratic peace theory – the theory that if all powers were democratic, there would be no war because democracies don’t make war. There’s an enormous literature on this and most of it is rubbish. It comes in no way close to describing the world.

A great deal of what is written about the economic process is very good applied mathematics that simply doesn’t describe this world. It describes another imaginary world of perfect information, and liquidity, and a whole range of assumptions that don’t pertain.

So my initial insight is this world is highly complicated. It works in very strange ways. There are all kinds of nonlinearities which are all captured by the simplifying models that social scientists posit. If we can understand the world better and get a little closer to seeing how uncertain and complex its workings are, then we may stand a chance of avoiding the kinds of disaster that characterize the 20th century.

I have studied 20th century disasters. It’s been one of my major interests. I wrote about the German hyperinflation. I wrote a book about the First World War. Then I wrote a book about the Second World War. I’m engaged in writing through my biography of Kissinger a book about the Cold War, and that’s a lot of manmade death due to organized lethal violence.

And if you can work out why, say, between 180 and 200 million people died violent deaths in the 20th century-- That shouldn’t have happened because the 20th century was supposed to be a century of unparallel economic scientific progress. And it was. And yet it was also a century in which horrendous violence occurred, and that violence emanated from some of the most sophisticated societies. Figuring out why that happened seems like a pretty important undertaking, though I certainly wouldn’t put it up there with finding a cure for cancer.

But it’s what I do, and my hope is that each time I write a book, I’ve at least added some small amount to our understanding of what went wrong.

The other thing that motivates me is an interest in the things that work. Because I’m an economic historian first and foremost, and particularly a financial historian, I’m fascinated by the extraordinary success of capitalism as a way of organizing economic activity. I’m especially fascinated in the way that financial systems have arisen in certain places at certain times, and the benefits that they have conferred in the sense that through a good financial system, you get resources better allocated than in the absence of one. So another part of what I do is to try to understand that better, because when we’re not fighting wars, we’re usually caught up in the extraordinary ups and downs of financial markets, and processes like globalization that are not new. We talk about them as if they’re new. They’re actually quite old. They go back to at least 1700.

So these are the things that get me out of the bed in the morning. I just want to understand that stuff better – why the wars, why the stock market bubbles and busts – in the hope that a historical approach to these problems will actually yield better insights than some of the other approaches that people take.



Bill George: Making a difference in the world. Leaving a legacy or making a difference. Having an impact on the lives of other people, and feeling like, "Hey, my life has been worthwhile. I did have some modest impact on the people I encountered in this world." And leading a life of integrity and being true to what I believe in without compromising that in order to get ahead.

I look for lessons closest . . . from the people closest to me--from my wife, who is my partner, if you will; and from other leaders whom I've known and worked with. I have a men's group that I learn a lot from them. And a couples group, whom we've been meeting together--both of them--for more than 20 years. And so I certainly learned a lot. And also going back to great books and learning what others have learned over time. But how do we bring that forward into a current date context? And watching what other leaders are doing and trying to learn from them.

Question: Is there a book you look to for inspiration?

Bill George: You know all my life I've been interested in leaders. In part that was imprinted on me by my father, who thought he should have been a leader and never was. And so from a very early age, I was reading books on great leaders people like Abraham Lincoln, just a wide range of leaders. Everything I could get my hands on as a 7, 8, 9 year old boy.